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16/12/2011 Growth, lipid extraction and thermal degradation of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris
Maja Šoštarič, Dušan Klinar, Mihael Bricelj, Janvit Golob, Marin Berovič, Blaž Likozar
Publication The microalga Chlorella vulgaris was cultured in a combined medium obtained by mixing standard Jaworski medium with a solution from the modified Solvay process that contained only NaHCO3 and NH4Cl. Cell number, pH and nitrogen content were monitored throughout growth. Lipids were extracted from lyophilised biomass using CHCl3–MeOH. A combination of grinding, microwave treatment and sonication proved to give the best lipid extract yield. Freeze-dried algal biomass was also utilised for thermal degradation studies. The degradation exhibited three distinct regions – primary cell structure breakage paralleled by evaporation of water, followed by two predominant exothermic degradation processes. The latter were modelled using nth order apparent kinetics. The activation energies of the degradation processes were determined to be 120–126 kJ/mol and 122–132 kJ/mol, respectively. The degradation model may be readily applied to an assortment of thermal algal processes, especially those relating to renewable energy.
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16/12/2011 Improving photosynthesis and metabolic networks for the competitive production of phototroph-derived biofuels
Victoria H Work, Sarah D’Adamo, Randor Radakovits, Robert E Jinkerson, Matthew C Posewitz
Publication To improve bioenergy production from photosynthetic microorganisms it is necessary to optimize an extensive network of highly integrated biological processes. Systematic advances in pathway engineering and culture modification have resulted in strains with increased yields of biohydrogen, lipids, and carbohydrates, three bioenergy foci. However, additional improvements in photosynthetic efficiency are necessary to establish a viable system for biofuel production. Advances in optimizing light capture, energy transfer, and carbon fixation are essential, as the efficiencies of these processes are the principal determinants of productivity. However, owing to their regulatory, catalytic, and structural complexities, manipulating these pathways poses considerable challenges. This review covers novel developments in the optimization of photosynthesis, carbon fixation, and metabolic pathways for the synthesis of targeted bioenergy carriers.
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16/12/2011 Optimization of Carbon and Nitrogen Sources for Biomass and Lipid Production by Chlorella saccharophila under Heterotrophic Conditions and Development of Nile Red Fluorescence Based Method for Quantification of Its Neutral Lipid Content
Muge Isleten-Hosoglu, Idil Gultepe, Murat Elibol
Publication In this study, initially, the carbon and nitrogen source preferences of Chlorella saccharophila were examined in terms of biomass productivities under heterotrophic growth conditions. It was shown that C. saccharophila could actively utilize glucose and glycerol as carbon sources and bacteriological peptone as a nitrogen source. Secondly, the concentrations of nitrogen and carbon sources that were found to significantly influence the biomass productivity of heterotrophic C. saccharophila were further optimized by using Box-Behnken experimental design. Lastly, in a scale-up attempt, the medium consisting of 20 g/L glucose and 1 g/L bacteriological peptone was used in a 3 L stirred tank bioreactor in which the final biomass concentration obtained was 7.7 fold higher than that of obtained under autotrophic conditions. Also, lipid content in heterotrophic cells of C. saccharophila was increased about 3 times compared to that of autotrophic cells. The principal fatty acids in heterotrophic C.saccharophila were oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) constituting 34.4% and 30.1% of the total fatty acid contents, respectively. Moreover, a simple and rapid method determining the neutral lipid accumulation in C.saccharophila with spectrofluorimetry was developed and used easily for monitoring lipid accumulation in a stirred tank bioreactor.
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16/12/2011 Feasibility study of microalgal and jatropha biodiesel production plants: Exergy analysis approach
Ofori-Boateng Cynthia, Keat Teong Lee, JitKang Lim
Publication The exergy analyses performed in this study are based on three thermodynamic performance parameters namely exergy destruction, exergy efficiency and thermodynamic improvement potentials. The exergy analyses results obtained after process simulation with ASPEN PLUS software show that 64% and 44% of the total exergy in the input resources for microalgal methyl ester (MME) and jatropha methyl ester (JME) production plants are destroyed respectively for one ton of biodiesel produced. This implies that only 36% and 56% (for MME and JME production plants respectively) useful energy in the products is available to do work. For every ton of microalgal and jatropha biodiesel produced, 38% and 39% of the input exergy into the oil extraction units is destroyed respectively. However, the transesterification units recorded the lowest exergy loss of 5% and 2% of the exergies of input resources for MME and JME production plants respectively. These results indicate that the exergy analysis of only the transesterification unit cannot justify the thermodynamic feasibility of biodiesel production processes. Thus, according to this study, MME and JME production plants are not thermodynamically feasible.
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16/12/2011 Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis cultivation in tubular photobioreactor: Use of no-cost CO2 from ethanol fermentation
L.S. Ferreira, M.S. Rodrigues, A. Converti, S. Sato, J.C.M. Carvalho
Publication The present study aimed at evaluating the production of Arthrospira platensis in tubular photobioreactor using CO2 from ethanol fermentation. The results of these cultivations were compared to those obtained using CO2 from cylinder at different protocols of simultaneous ammonium sulfate and sodium nitrate feeding. Maximum cell concentration (Xm), cell productivity (Px), nitrogen-to-cell conversion factor (YX/N), and biomass composition (total lipids and proteins) were selected as responses and evaluated by analysis of variance. The source of CO2 did not exert any significant statistical influence on these responses, which means that the flue gas from ethanol fermentation could successfully be used as a carbon source as well as to control the medium pH, thus contributing to reduce the greenhouse effect. The results taken as a whole demonstrated that the best combination of responses mean values (Xm = 4.543 g L−1; Px = 0.460 g L−1 d−1; YX/N = 15.6 g g−1; total lipids = 8.39%; total proteins = 18.7%) was obtained using as nitrogen source a mixture of 25% NaNO3 and 75% (NH4)2SO4, both expressed as nitrogen.
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16/12/2011 Microalgae biofuels: A critical review of issues, problems and the way forward
Man Kee Lam, Keat Teong Lee
Publication Culturing of microalgae as an alternative feedstock for biofuel production has received a lot of attention in recent years due to their fast growth rate and ability to accumulate high quantity of lipid and carbohydrate inside their cells for biodiesel and bioethanol production, respectively. In addition, this superior feedstock offers several environmental benefits, such as effective land utilization, CO2 sequestration, self-purification if coupled with wastewater treatment and does not trigger food versus fuel feud. Despite having all these ‘theoretical’ advantages, review on problems and issues related to energy balance in microalgae biofuel are not clearly addressed until now. Base on the maturity of current technology, the true potential of microalgae biofuel towards energy security and its feasibility for commercialization are still questionable. Thus, this review is aimed to depict the practical problems that are facing the microalgae biofuel industry, covering upstream to downstream activities by accessing the latest research reports and critical data analysis. Apart from that, several interlink solutions to the problems will be suggested with the purpose to bring current microalgae biofuel research into a new dimension and consequently, to revolutionize the entire microalgae biofuel industry towards long-term sustainability.
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16/12/2011 Photobioreactor strategies for improving the CO2 fixation efficiency of indigenous Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N: Statistical optimization of CO2 feeding, illumination, and operation mode
Shih-Hsin Ho, Wei-Bin Lu, Jo-Shu Chang
Publication Statistical experimental design and bioreactor strategies were applied to enhance CO2 fixation ability of microalga Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N. Four operating parameters strongly influencing microalgal CO2 fixation efficiency (namely, CO2 concentration, CO2 flow rate, magnesium concentration, and light intensity) were optimized with response surface methodology. The optimal range of parameters achieving the best overall performance of specific growth rate and CO2 fixation rate was determined with overlay counter plot techniques. Optimal ranges of CO2 concentration, CO2 flow rate, magnesium concentration and light intensity were 2.0–2.5%, 0.3–0.5 vvm, 1.7–2.7 mM and 180–250 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively, achieving a specific growth rate of >1.22 d−1 and CO2 fixation rate of >800 mg L−1 d−1. Semi-batch operations further enhanced the biomass productivity, photosynthesis efficiency, and CO2 fixation rate to 1030 mg L−1 d−1, 10.5%, and 1782 mg L−1 d−1, respectively. This performance is better than the results reported by most related studies.
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16/12/2011 Biosorption of cadmium by CO2-fixing microalga Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N
Chun-Yen Chen, Hao-Wei Chang, Pei-Chun Kao, Jian-Liang Pan, Jo-Shu Chang
Publication An efficient CO2-fixing indigenous microalga Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N was used as the biosorbent to remove cadmium from aqueous solution. The microalga was grown with continuous feeding of 2.5% CO2, achieving a maximum CO2 consumption rate of 495 mg/l/d and a biomass production of 2.56 g/l. Cadmium (Cd) biosorption by S.obliquus CNW-N was optimal at pH 6.0 and 30oC. For an initial cadmium concentration of 50 mg/l, the biosorption capacity tended to decrease with an increase in bisorbent, while the cadmium removal efficiency was nearly 100% when the biosorbent loading was higher than 0.6 g. The biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order adsorption model. The adsorption equilibrium obeys Langmuir isotherm with an estimated maximum capacity of 68.6 mg/g and a saturation coefficient of 0.101 l/mg. The cadmium-loaded microalgal biomass could be regenerated preferably with 0.05 M CaCl2, as the regenerated biosorbent retained good adsorption capability after five consecutive adsorption/desorption cycles.
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16/12/2011 Adaptation of microalgae to lindane: A new approach for bioremediation
Raquel González, Camino García-Balboa, Mónica Rouco, Victoria Lopez-Rodas, Eduardo Costas
Publication Lindane is especially worrisome because its persistence in aquatic ecosystems, tendency to bioaccumulation and toxicity. We studied the adaptation of freshwater cyanobacteria and microalgae to resist lindane using an experimental model to distinguish if lindane-resistant cells had their origin in random spontaneous pre-selective mutations (which occur prior to the lindane exposure), or if lindane-resistant cells arose by a mechanism of physiological acclimation during the exposure to the selective agent. Although further research is needed to determine the different mechanisms contributing to the bio-eliminanation of lindane, this study, however, provides an approach to the bioremediation abilities of the lindane-resistant cells. Wild type strains of the experimental organisms were exposed to increasing lindane levels to estimate lethal concentrations. Growth of wild-type cells was completely inhibited at 5 mg/L concentration of lindane. However, after further incubation in lindane for several weeks, occasionally the growth of rare lindane-resistant cells was found. A fluctuation analysis demonstrated that lindane-resistant cells arise only by rare spontaneous mutations that occur randomly prior to exposure to lindane (lindane-resitance did not occur as a result of physiological mechanisms). The rate of mutation from lindane sensitivity to resistance was between 1.48 × 10−5 and 2.35 × 10−7 mutations per cell per generation. Lindane-resistant mutants exhibited a diminished fitness in the absence of lindane, but only these variants were able to grow at lindane concentrations higher than 5 mg/L (until concentrations as high as 40 mg/L). Lindane-resistant mutants may be maintained in uncontaminated waters as the result of a balance between new resistant mutants arising from spontaneous mutation and resistant cells eliminated by natural selection waters via clone selection. The lindane-resistant cells were also used to test the potential of microalgae to remove lindane. Three concentrations (4, 15 and 40 mg/L) were chosen as a model. In these exposures the lindane-resistant cells showed a great capacity to remove lindane (until 99% lindane was eliminated). Apparently, bioremediation based on lindane-resistant cells could be a great opportunity for cleaning up of lindane- and other chlorinated organics-polluted habitats.
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16/12/2011 Synergistic cooperation between wastewater-born algae and activated sludge for wastewater treatment: influence of algae and sludge inoculation ratios
Yanyan Su, Artur Mennerich, Brigitte Urban
Publication An algal-bacterial culture, composed of wastewater-born algae and activated sludge, was cultivated to treat domestic wastewater and accumulate biomass simultaneously. The influence of algae and sludge inoculation ratios on the treatment efficiency and the settleability of the accumulated biomass were investigated. There was no significant effect of the inoculation ratios on the chemical oxygen demand removal. Comparatively, the nutrients removal and related mechanism were varied with different inoculation ratios. The highest nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies were observed with 5:1 (algae/sludge) culture (91.0±7.0% and 93.5±2.5%, respectively) within 10 days, which was 5%∼40% higher and 2∼4 days faster than those with other inoculation ratios. The biomass settleability was improved with the assistance of sludge, and the 1:5 (algae/sludge) culture showed the best settleability. Furthermore, 16S rDNA gene analysis showed that the bacterial communities were varying with different algae and sludge inoculation ratios and some specific bacteria were enriched during operation.
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16/12/2011 Microalgae biofuels: A critical review of issues, problems and the way forward
Man Kee Lam, Keat Teong Lee
Publication Culturing of microalgae as an alternative feedstock for biofuel production has received a lot of attention in recent years due to their fast growth rate and ability to accumulate high quantity of lipid and carbohydrate inside their cells for biodiesel and bioethanol production, respectively. In addition, this superior feedstock offers several environmental benefits, such as effective land utilization, CO2 sequestration, self-purification if coupled with wastewater treatment and does not trigger food versus fuel feud. Despite having all these ‘theoretical’ advantages, review on problems and issues related to energy balance in microalgae biofuel are not clearly addressed until now. Base on the maturity of current technology, the true potential of microalgae biofuel towards energy security and its feasibility for commercialization are still questionable. Thus, this review is aimed to depict the practical problems that are facing the microalgae biofuel industry, covering upstream to downstream activities by accessing the latest research reports and critical data analysis. Apart from that, several interlink solutions to the problems will be suggested with the purpose to bring current microalgae biofuel research into a new dimension and consequently, to revolutionize the entire microalgae biofuel industry towards long-term sustainability.
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16/12/2011 Fuel properties of microalgae (Chlorella protothecoides) oil biodiesel and its blends with petroleum diesel
Yi-Hung Chen, Bo-Yu Huang, Tsung-Han Chiang, Ting-Cheng Tang
Publication The feasibility of biodiesel production from microalgae oil was investigated with respect to its fuel properties and blending characteristics with petroleum diesel. Microalgae oil methyl esters (MAMEs) showed satisfactory fuel properties, and their predominant components were 65.2 wt.% methyl oleate and 18.5 wt.% methyl linoleate. The MAMEs had a cold filter plugging point of −13 °C, an iodine value of 112.2 g I2/100 g, a kinematic viscosity of 4.43 mm2/s at 40 °C, and an oxidation stability of approximately 4.5 h. Furthermore, both the cold filter plugging point and oxidation stability of the MAMEs-diesel blends decreased with a higher blending ratio of the MAMEs. Correlations were established to describe the linear increases of the density and kinematic viscosity with the volumetric percentage of the MAMEs for the MAMEs-diesel blends.
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16/12/2011 A mutant strain of microalga Chlorella sp. for the carbon dioxide capture from biogas
Chien-Ya Kao, Sheng-Yi Chiu, Tzu-Ting Huang, Le Dai, Guan-Hua Wang, Ching-Ping Tseng, Chiun-Hsun Chen, Chih-Sheng Lin
Publication To upgrade biogas produced from the anaerobic digestion of swine wastewater, an outdoor photobioreactor was established in this study. A mutant strain of microalga Chlorella sp. MM-2 was firstly isolated by ethyl methane sulfonate-induced random mutagenesis. The Chlorella sp. MM-2 grew in the presence of gas containing H2S < 100 ppm, and the growth capacity of the microalgal culture aerated with 80% CH4 was ∼70% that of the control culture (0% CH4). In the field study, CO2 capture efficiency of the Chlorella cultures, at a biomass concentration of 1.2 g L−1, from the desulfurized biogas (∼20% CO2, ∼70% CH4 and H2S < 100 ppm) was approximate 70% on cloudy days and 80% on sunny days. CH4 concentration in the effluent biogas from the Chlorella cultures was increased to approximate 84% on cloudy days and 87% on sunny days from its original 70%. The established outdoor photobioreactor system using a gas cycle-switching operation could be used as a CO2 capture model for biogas upgrading.
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16/12/2011 Preparation of highly pure zeaxanthin particles from sea water-cultivated microalgae using supercritical anti-solvent recrystallization
Chao-Rui Chen, Siang-En Hong, Yuan-Chuen Wang, Shih-Lan Hsu, Daina Hsiang, Chieh-Ming J. Chang
Publication Xanthophylls, including zeaxanthin, are considered dietary supplements with a potentially positive impact on age-related macular degeneration. Using pilot-scale column fractionation coupled with supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) recrystallization, highly pure zeaxanthin particulates were prepared from ultrasonic extracts of the microalgae, Nannochloropsis oculata, grown in sea water. Column partition chromatography increased the concentration of zeaxanthin from 36.2 mg/g of the ultrasonic extracts to 425.6 mg/g of the collected column fractions. A response surface methodology was systematically designed for the SAS process by changing feed concentration, CO2 flow rate and anti-solvent pressure. Zeaxanthin-rich particles with a purity of 84.2% and a recovery of 85.3% were produced using supercritical anti-solvent recrystallization from the column eluate at a feed concentration of 1.5 mg/mL, CO2 flow rate of 48.6 g/min and pressure of 135 bar.
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16/12/2011 Evaluating the industrial potential of biodiesel from a microalgae heterotrophic culture: Scale-up and economics
Antonio Tabernero, Eva M. Martín del Valle , Miguel A. Galán
Publication An attempt to scale-up a biodiesel production plant from a heterotrophic culture of microalgae, together with an evaluation of feasibility is performed in this article. The plant employs the microalgae Chlorella protothecoides to obtain biomass. The subsequent oil extraction is done with supercritical carbon dioxide. Based on previous studies, it was possible to determine the mass and energy balances and to design the equipment of the main process. A non-conservative study reveals the no feasibility of the production plant unless the residues are sold (two different and real prices were chosen), providing with an investment recovery in both cases. On the other hand, the estimations from a conservative study, showed the non-viability of the process even if the residues are sold. This is mainly due to the big quantity of bioreactors required by the plant and the oil extraction yield. An alternative process with a complete extraction was also applied, which became viable in a conservative study only if the residues are sold at the highest price. All these results highlight the future potential of a plant with these characteristics in the current energetic context.
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16/12/2011 Growth condition study of algae function in ecosystem for CO2 bio-fixation
David Dah-Wei Tsai, Rameshprabu Ramaraj, Paris Honglay Chen
Publication Algae niche play a crucial role on carbon cycle and have great potential for CO2 sequestration. This study was to investigate the CO2 bio-fixation by the high rate pond (HRP) to mimic the algae function of nature. All the reactors can keep CO2 consumption efficiencies over 100%. The statistical analyses proved HRPs were close to the natural system from all the growth conditions. The HRP could show the “natural optimization as nature” to perform as well as the artificial reactor of continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR). In the nutrition study, the carbon mass balance indicated CO2 was the main carbon source. Accordingly, the HRPs can keep a neutral pH range to provide dissolved oxygen (DO), to promote total nitrogen (TN) / total phosphorous (TP) removal efficiencies and to demonstrate self-purification process. Furthermore, the observations of different nitrogen species in the reactors demonstrated that the major nitrogen source was decided by pH. This finding logically explained the complex nitrogen uptake by algae in nature. Consequently, this study took advantage of HRP to explore the processes of efficient CO2 uptake with the corresponding growth condition in the ecosystem. Those results contributed the further understanding of the role of CO2 bio-fixation in nature and demonstrated HRP could be a potential ecological engineering alternative.
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16/12/2011 Optimization of chitosan flocculation for microalgal-bacterial biomass harvesting via response surface methodology
B. Riaño, B. Molinuevo, M.C. García-González
Publication The purpose of this study was the evaluation of chitosan flocculation ability to recover microalgal-bacterial biomass from an open pond treating fish processing wastewater. A second order factorial design followed by response surface methodology was applied to estimate the effect of chitosan concentration and agitation speed on flocculation activity. Second-order polynomial model fitted quite well with the experimental results. Chitosan concentration exhibited a higher effect on the flocculation process than agitation speed. The highest flocculation efficiency (92%) was obtained at a concentration of 214 mg L−1 and an agitation speed of 131 rpm.
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16/12/2011 Evaluating the industrial potential of biodiesel from a microalgae heterotrophic culture: Scale-up and economics
Antonio Tabernero, Eva M. Martín del Valle, Miguel A. Galán
Publication
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16/12/2011 Growth condition study of algae function in ecosystem for CO2 bio-fixation
David Dah-Wei Tsai, Rameshprabu Ramaraj, Paris Honglay Chen
Publication Algae niche play a crucial role on carbon cycle and have great potential for CO2 sequestration. This study was to investigate the CO2 bio-fixation by the high rate pond (HRP) to mimic the algae function of nature. All the reactors can keep CO2 consumption efficiencies over 100%. The statistical analyses proved HRPs were close to the natural system from all the growth conditions. The HRP could show the “natural optimization as nature” to perform as well as the artificial reactor of continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR). In the nutrition study, the carbon mass balance indicated CO2 was the main carbon source. Accordingly, the HRPs can keep a neutral pH range to provide dissolved oxygen (DO), to promote total nitrogen (TN) / total phosphorous (TP) removal efficiencies and to demonstrate self-purification process. Furthermore, the observations of different nitrogen species in the reactors demonstrated that the major nitrogen source was decided by pH. This finding logically explained the complex nitrogen uptake by algae in nature. Consequently, this study took advantage of HRP to explore the processes of efficient CO2 uptake with the corresponding growth condition in the ecosystem. Those results contributed the further understanding of the role of CO2 bio-fixation in nature and demonstrated HRP could be a potential ecological engineering alternative.
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16/12/2011 Enzymatic production of microalgal biodiesel in ionic liquid [BMIm][PF6]
Jing-Qi Lai, Zhang-Li Hu, Peng-Wei Wang, Zhen Yang
Publication Microalgae have been taken as a sustainable energy source for biodiesel production. In this work, oils were extracted from microalgae Botryococcus braunii (two strains, BB763 and BB764), Chlorella vulgaris (CV), and Chlorella pyrenoidosa (CP). The highest lipid content was produced from CV (40.7%, w/w), whereas the lowest from CP (2.2%, w/w). The major fatty acid components of the microalgal oil from CP include myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3), and their mass proportion is 1:3.9:1.9:4.2:4.3:13.8. Enzymatic production of biodiesel from the microalgal oil was investigated, catalyzed by two immobilized lipases, Penicillium expansum lipase (PEL) and Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435), in two solvent systems: an ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [BMIm][PF6]) and an organic solvent (tert-butanol). The effect of the following factors on the production yield was studied for all the four reaction systems: methanol/oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, solvent volume, and water content. Under optimal conditions, both enzymes induced significantly higher yields in the IL (90.7% and 86.2%) relative to that obtained in tert-butanol (48.6% and 44.4%), while the PEL-catalyzed conversions were comparable to or slightly higher than those catalyzed by Novozym 435. These results demonstrate that ionic liquids offer a promising new type of solvent for enzymatic production of microalgal biodiesel and that PEL can be employed as an efficient catalyst for such application.
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